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PACAl₂O₃ Content
A critical parameter reflecting the effective component of PAC, typically ranging from 10% to 30%. Higher Al₂O₃ content enhances coagulation efficiency but requires dosage adjustments based on water quality.
- Basicity (Basification Degree): Represents the ratio of hydroxyl groups to chloride ions, usually between 40% and 90%. Higher basicity improves polymerization and adsorption capacity but may reduce stability.
- pH: PAC solutions are weakly acidic (pH 3.5–5), influencing hydrolysis forms and coagulation performance.
Specific Applications in Water Treatment
- Coagulation and Sedimentation: PAC hydrolyzes to form positively charged polymeric ions (e.g., Al₁₃O₄(OH)₂₄⁷⁺), neutralizing negatively charged colloidal particles to form flocs ("矾花"), which are removed via sedimentation or flotation.
- Turbidity Removal: Effectively eliminates suspended solids and colloids (e.g., silt, microorganisms), suitable for high-turbidity water sources (e.g., river water, floodwater).
- Decolorization: Removes colored substances (e.g., dyes, humic acids) through charge neutralization or adsorption, improving water clarity.
- Phosphorus Removal: Al³⁺ reacts with phosphates to form AlPO₄ precipitates, aiding in total phosphorus control in wastewater treatment.
- Heavy Metal Removal: Forms hydroxide precipitates or complexes with heavy metal ions (e.g., Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺).
- Organic Matter Reduction: Encapsulates dissolved organic matter (e.g., proteins) into flocs, reducing COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand).
- Sludge Dewatering: Acts as a conditioning agent to enhance sludge structure and improve dewatering efficiency (e.g., via filtration or centrifugation).
Influencing Factors
- pH: Optimal range 6–8. Excess acidity inhibits hydrolysis; excess alkalinity generates Al(OH)₃ colloids, reducing efficacy.
- Dosage: Requires optimization via jar testing. Overdosing may cause colloidal restabilization (charge reversal).
- Water Temperature: Low temperatures slow hydrolysis. Compensate by increasing dosage or extending reaction time.
- Mixing Conditions: Rapid mixing (30–60 seconds) ensures dispersion; slow stirring (10–30 minutes) promotes floc growth.
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